Pride And Prejudice By Austen Essays - Humour, Pride And Prejudice

Pride And Prejudice By Austen Pride and Prejudice is one of the most famous books composed by Jane Austen. This sentimental novel, the tale of which spins around connections and the troubles of being infatuated, was a sorry accomplishment time permitting. In any case, it has developed in its significance to abstract pundits and readerships over the most recent hundred years. There are numerous aspects to the story that make understanding it amusing as well as profoundly intriguing. The peruser can find out much about the privileged society of this age, and furthermore gets an understanding to the creator's conclusion about this general public. Austen presents the high-society of her time from an observational perspective, incidentally depicting human conduct. She portrays what she sees and adds her own remarks to it in an exceptionally light and simple manner. She never is by all accounts deigning or reprimanding in her analysis however applies it in a fun loving way. This liveliness, and her clever, amusing remarks on society are likely the fundamental reasons that make this novel still so charming for perusers today. A few standards and qualities portrayed in the story appear to be impossible to miss also, are difficult to consider by individuals of our age. In any case, the portrayals of the goings-on in that society are so exuberant and shining with incongruity that the vast majority really want to like the novel. Jane Austen applies incongruity on various levels in her novel Pride and Prejudice. She utilizes different methods for making her feeling on eighteenth century society known to the peruser through her clear furthermore, unexpected depictions utilized in the book. To bring this paper into center, I will examine two separate methods for applying incongruity, as relating to a chosen few of the book's characters. The tale is presented by an omniscient storyteller, obscure to the peruser, who depicts and remarks on the given circumstances all through the novel. The storyteller serves to speak to and represent Jane Austen, empowering her to point her analysis through the characters, yet additionally in a more straightforward design. She utilizes this vague individual, who is outside of all the novel's activity and gives clarifications, as a mode of correspondence to introduce her own assessment in a subtly open manner. This storyteller is the main methods for offering unexpected comments. Through the storyteller a specific state of mind is made that wins all through the novel. The absolute first sentence of the novel shows this with the accompanying sentence, It is a fact all around recognized, that a solitary man possessing a favorable luck must be in need of a spouse (Pride and Prejudice, p. 3). The incongruity of this announcement is the general legitimacy with which suspicions are made in that high society. It is expected that there is nothing else for a man of high position to need however a spouse to complete his assets. Alongside his cash, land, wealth and so forth she goes about as nothing more except for another bit of property, which was a typical mentality in those days. Austen figures out how to make the demeanor towards marriage maintained by this upper class look rather silly and mind blowing. Another unexpected depiction is given, for example, when Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst deal with the debilitated Jane, who remains at their home. They present themselves as extremely loving and caring companions to Jane. In any case, that doesn't prevent them from talking extremely awful about Jane's relations. The genuine unexpected remark is that the storyteller lets us perusers realize that after those two women have completed reviling Jane's sister Elizabeth and the remainder of her family, they come back to Jane (w)ith a restoration of delicacy (p. 27). These high-society ladies are knowledgeable at putting others down and unusually, and as they might suspect cleverly, offending the characters of the individuals who are of a lower class - and Austen remarks on it unexpectedly by portraying their conduct with incongruity. Through the storyteller, Austen gives us how whimsical this general public is; being founded on class and rank. The storyteller uncovered the vanities and its ineptitude rather definitely. The remark on Aunt Phillips who might barely have detested a correlation with the maid's room (p. 56) of Rosing's with her own lounge room is so amusingly unpleasant that it even outskirts on being mean. These are just a couple guides to show how the general amusing mind-set of the novel is made. The second methods for making incongruity in the novel is through the specific utilization of the characters included. Elizabeth Bennet is the primary character of

Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature Essay Example

Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature Paper Shakespeare’s effect on English writing has been magnificent. His impact didn't bind itself to the complex specifying of his accounts alone, yet stretched out to all parts of narrating, specifically smooth exposition, developed portrayal and fluctuated settings. All of these contributed in making his accounts important and through essentially these three components along with the sheer assortment and expansiveness of his storylines, he keeps on practicing a prevailing effect on English writing and charm and captivate. Past anything, his life is a case of complete commitment to his specialty. His life is set apart by an engaged dedication to English writing and language through his Tragedies, Comedies and Histories, in total known as the First Folio, Second, Third and Fourth Folios. Whatever is known about Shakespeare is drawn essentially from two sources, his scholarly messages and leftovers of chapel and lawful records from which one can follow the noteworthy parts of his life, however quite a bit of it is guess. Shakespeare’s mother, Mary, was the girl of Robert Arden of Stratford. John, his dad, was a cowhide vendor whose life saw turbulent money related highs and lows. There is a likelihood that Shakespeare went to punctuation school during his initial years, however his folks were without a doubt ignorant. At eighteen years old, he wedded Anne Hathaway, who was eight years more established than him. We will compose a custom exposition test on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Till 1592, no other record implies his life. In 1592, Robert Greene alluded to Shakespeare when he wrote in Greene’s Groatsworth of Wit purchased with a Million of Repentance about â€Å"an upstart crow, enhanced with our plumes, that with his Tiger’s heart enclosed by a player’s stow away, assumes he is just as ready to pomposity out a clear section as the best of you; and being an outright Johan-nes fac totum, is in his own pride the main Shake-scene in a country† (Alexander, xvi). This comment just serves to emphasize that Shakespeare had increased huge acknowledgment through his plays by 1592 and enlivened adequate competition in artistic circles however Greene’s is the main known hatred. Indeed, even this comment is a crime of Shakespeare’s own lines from Henry VI, Part Three; â€Å"O tiger’s heart enveloped by a woman’s hide† Johannes fac totum alluded to here methods the handyman. This perception was mostly right, for Shakespeare was multifaceted. Aside from being an essayist, and featuring in his own plays, he was likewise connected with a dramatic gathering including Richard Burbage, a prominent stage entertainer and they were referred to after their supporter as Lord Chamberlain’s Men and in the wake of King James succeeded Queen Elizabeth, they were known as â€Å"the King’s Men†. It was to this organization that Shakespeare coordinated his unswerving consideration by creating every one of his plays exclusively for their establishment. In 1593-94, Shakespeare, to much basic approval, distributed his sonnets, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucerne. Shakespeare was shy about the distribution of his plays and checked out their printing, being intrigued distinctly with regards to their loyal and dramatical generation. This is liable for the issues in building up the precision of his writings and in dating them. Shakespeare’s first catastrophe was Titus Adronicus, (C. 1592-94) in which Ovid’s impact was significant however it didn't increase a lot of conspicuousness on account of its certain savagery. It has, generally, been restored. During this period, he composed Henry VI (c. 1588) and Richard III (c. 1593), Henry V (c. 1599). Richard II and Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2 were additionally formed during this time. As indicated by the Lexicon, the foremost Comedies composed during this time were Love’s Labor Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. He committed himself essentially to Tragedy after 1599. These incorporate Julius Caeser, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus. There were a few plays that were hard to order, for example, Troilus and Cressida, All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure. The finish of his composing profession was set apart by four plays-Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest and Pericles. Shakespeare’s matchless quality was not limited to English writing alone however reached out to the English language also. The quality of Shakespeare’s impact can be attributed to his arresting and convincing storylines, his developed portrayal and the resonant language. Through his plays, he without precedent for English writing made acceptable, expressive characters. He dug into the mind of his heroes and saturated them with life. What maybe makes these characters enduring and remarkable is that they are neither entirely underhanded nor completely great, however genuine. Hamlet captivates perusers with his unpredictability. Enthusiastic and brave, lazy about retribution and shades of craziness are qualities that render him complex. Othello, at first depicted as gallant and pleased, uncovers that he is in actuality imperfect, similar to all of Shakespeare’s characters, when his certain trust in Iago sells out him to follow up on his envy and execute Desdemona. Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice sins as much as he is trespassed against, as much a saint as a reprobate. It has been contended that Shakespeare’s characters go as far as acting, however one needs to recollect that he was, over each of the a quintessential writer. It has been said that a habitual and sagacious perusing of the entirety of his plays serves to improve one an adjudicator of human character, its inspirations, clashes, interests and false notions. (â€Å"Bartleby†). His carefulness in the execution of his characters served to motivate ages of scholars. Truth be told, Herman Melville’s fundamental rival in Moby Dick, Captain Ahab, is accepted to be a great Shakespearean character, whose ruin and fate are achieved by his own shortcoming. As per Wikipedia, Shakespeare’s full composition additionally resounds through time, through the composition of Charles Dickens, on whom Shakespeare’s impact was significant, and William Faulkner. He additionally built up the English language. English, before the hours of Shakespeare was hasty and unstructured. Shakespeare improved the magnificence of the language by adding to its jargon and gave it profundity by the excellence of his exposition. Huge numbers of the expressions that his characters utilized have become regular speech. He liberated the English language. Progressive ages have deciphered and reevaluated Shakespeare’s plays and will keep on doing as such for children. The striking quality of his creative mind brought together the idea and activity of his characters and gave them power and enthusiasm, to such an extent that these characters rouse scorn and love, however never lack of interest. In Othello, for example, it is the language which characterizes the play. Othello’s composition is smooth in the genuine feeling of the term, to such an extent that a pundit on commenting about the language of Othello has called it â€Å"Othello’s music†. (â€Å"Geocities†). Be that as it may, the language of Othello step by step separates, as devoured by envy his character gradually breaks down. In the Act I, Scene III, Othello states â€Å"And little of this extraordinary world would i be able to speak/More than relates to accomplishments of sear and battle† (Shakespeare, 1118). The Duke likewise communicates his assessment that Othello would likewise win his daughter’s heart. Othello additionally says â€Å"Yet I’ll not shed her blood/nor scar that more white skin of hers than snow† (Shakespeare, 1149), As his character gets darker, his language disintegrates, he goes as far as words to convey rather than sentences, â€Å"Killing myself, to pass on upon a kiss† (Shakespeare, 1153). This was one of the primary plays where the language reminiscently moves couple with the plot. Another manner by which Othello was progressive was that the primary hero was one of the first or shaded dark legends throughout the entire existence of English writing. Inspite of his race and furthermore regardless of the way that he was an outsider in customary Venice; he ascends to a place of impact and weds a white lady, a condition unthought-of during Elizabethan occasions. Othello additionally needs to defeat extensive racial separation. Shakespeare saturates Othello with all brave and honorable qualities, put something aside for one appalling blemish, desire. With this Othello’s destiny was fixed. He turned into the encapsulation of the ‘perfect shocking hero’ in English writing. Additionally one of a kind among Shakespearean catastrophes, Othello was for the most part a disaster of character, while the various Shakespearean catastrophes were set among political backgrounds, Othello was impelled and prompted by his self uncertainty, envy and by the devilish devilishness in the character of Iago. The language, the setting, the portrayal and the rigid plot makes Othello the most awful and significant of Shakespeare’s disasters. This capacity to dazzle and captivate perusers through diving into Othello’s mind re-imagined mental authenticity. With just three chief characters, Othello, Desdemona and Iago, it is additionally one of Shakespeare’s most focused plays in which the activity thinks around these t

Endogeneity An Issue In The Context Of A Multiple Regression Models - 550 Words

Why Is Endogeneity An Issue In The Context Of A Multiple Regression Models? (Statistics Project Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateEconometricsQuestion 2Why is endogeneity an issue in the context of a multiple regression models?The problem of endogeneity occurs when there is a violation of the third assumption. That is, an empirical model for which E(ux)0 is considered as having an endogeneity problem. In such a model, the estimates of the 's tend to be biased and inconsistent. There are major causes of endogeneity: 1 Omitted variables 2 Measurement error 3 SimultaneityOmitted viable bias can be corrected by adding proxy variables. In general, endogeneity issues can be corrected by including instrument variables in a model. * Given the model yi=+1x1i+2x2i+3x3i+ui test that x3i is endogenous assuming there are two instruments (z1iand z2i for x2i)The regression model above has two instrumental variables (z1iandz2i) and one exogenous variable which implies that the endogenous variable x3i is over identified.Assuming that x3i is uncorrelated with the dependent variable, I would try to estimate this equation using the Ordinary Least Squares method. Then I would compare the OLS estimate with the Two Stage Least Squares estimate (TSLS) and determine whether a significant difference exists between the two outcomes. If there would be a significant difference between the two values, then I would conclude that x3i is an endogenous variable. To achieve this, I would begin by estimating the first stage regression:x3i=0+1z1i+2z2i+3x1i+viBased on the definition, each random instrument is uncorrelated with the random error term ui, then x3i would be uncorrelated with ui, only if vi is uncorrelated with ui. To determine this, I would run a regression using the following OLS:yi=+1x1i+2x2i+3x3i+1vi+errorUsing this equation, we test the hypothesis:Null hypothesis: 1=0Alternative hypothesis: 10The test would be conducted using a standard t-test. Rejecting the null hypothesis would mean that x3i is endogenous since vi and ui would be correlated. * Is it true that all endog enous variables in a system of equations are stochastic?Yes, all endogenous variables are regarded as stochastic. In data analysis, the endogenous variables are the variables that a researcher is trying to explain. For instance, consumption is a function of income. However, it is known that consumption does not depend on income alone, hence making it an endogenous variable. However, all endogenous variables are based either on such stochastic equations or on identities. Therefore, the claim holds, all endogenous variables are stochastic.Is it true that stochastic variables in a system are endogenous?A stochastic variable is a quantity whose value depends on multiple outcomes. However, most stochastic models are based on definite outcomes; such as walking, running, or taking the bus. Little is left to chance in such a model. It is unlikely for a stochastic variable to be prone to errors that result to endogeneity. Thus, based on the argument I refute the above claim that all stochast ic variables are endogenous.Question 4Explain: The likelihood ratio test for maximum likelihood estimators (like probit and logit models) is analogous to F tests in the linear regression model.An F-test is a method of moments test used to test all the parameters in a mo...

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 1237 Words

In Hamlet, Gertrude is the mother of Prince Hamlet and the queen of Denmark. She was the wife of King Hamlet, but after his death she married his brother, Claudius. Poor Gertrude is put through a lot in this play. Between the death of her husband and her son becoming crazy, it becomes a lot for one person to handle. Gertrude has often been seen as a flawed leading lady because of her lack of knowledge in some situations and her insensitiveness to the place she has put Hamlet in; however, Gertrude is respected because of her care towards Hamlet and his welfare and her care for the other people in the kingdom. There were many instances in which Gertrude was clueless as to what was going on around her. She did not realize, when she married Claudius, that Hamlet was angry with her about marrying her late husband’s brother. She thought that Hamlet was going crazy because of his love for Ophelia, when actually Hamlet was becoming mad because of his father’s ghost and the reve nge he was supposed to get on Claudius. Most likely, she did not know that her new husband, Claudius, killed her late husband, King Hamlet, to get the throne. She also completely missed the fact that her son was looking for ways to kill her husband. Above all, she was clueless to the fact that her new husband was trying to kill her son, so clueless that she ended up drinking from a poisoned cup and killing herself. In the end, her cluelessness and lack of knowledge of the things going on around her killedShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent ill ustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring them es of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

The Effects Of Homelessness On The United States - 1218 Words

In Stanislaus county the homeless population has grown from 1,156 in 2005 to 1,800 today and still growing. Modesto had the highest count of homelessness with 983 documented homeless individuals according to a 2015 Modesto Bee study and sadly, the amount increases as surrounding areas begin to enforce strict laws. These laws criminalize and relocate homeless folk to our county. There are no exceptions to the cold reality of homelessness: men, women, children, military veterans, individuals, and families are included in the rising numbers of homelessness in Stanislaus County. According to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, the leading cause of homelessness in the United States is the lack of affordable housing. Exposing the problems and cause will allow us to figure out how we can work towards a solution. The answer to diminishing homelessness is to invest in permanent housing. By working together as a community and devising a plan, we could reduce and possibly end homelessness in Stanislaus County. Individuals and families are being kicked from their homes due to the rising costs of living. Some people can not afford these costs with their annual income and now have forced to the streets or into homeless shelters. Many people might say that homelessness can never be avoided nor stopped but there is hope. By creating a monumental moment in effort to end homelessness, New York city was capable of providing productive results of reducing homelessness inShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Homelessness On The United States Political Economy Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesDefining homelessness has been controversial, but most researchers collectively accept that it is a situation in which an individual lacks a permanent place of residence. According to First, Rife, and Toomey (1994), if a person lacks shelter, even on a temporary basis, such an individual becomes homeless. Therefore, most homeless people live on the streets or find temporary accommodation in managed public and private s helters. Most researchers state that a close analysis of the issue of homelessnessRead MoreThe McKinney-Vento as amended by S. 896 the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to1500 Words   |  6 PagesMcKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, signed into law in 1987, covers many aspects of homelessness. The National Coalition for the Homeless states that the â€Å"McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was the first—and remains the only—major federal legislative response to homelessness† (NCH). Originally, this act contained fifteen different programs that were included to aid the homeless population (United States Department of Housing and Urban Development [HUD], 2007). The goal of this act is helpRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Rights Law1361 Words   |  6 Pagesassistance in dealing with homelessness. However, it will discuss its deficiencies in dealing with homelessness. It will focus on how the human Rights law influences decision making policies in protecting and preventing new range of homelessness, this will be discussed from the United Nations perspectives. It will also emphasize on the provisions and the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the domestic law in relation to the issue of homelessness, likewise the emergence ofRead MoreEconomic Inequality Of The United States1696 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Inequality Paper Homelessness is one of the main problems plaguing the United States today, with low income earners at a higher risk of becoming homeless than previous years. There have been countless laws and ordinances put in place throughout the country in hopes of solving this growing problem but many of them have failed to address one of the main things causing this issue, economic inequality and the unequal distribution of wealth in the United States. Although there are many non-profitRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreHelping The Homeless - Original Writing1672 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who don’t have a home (â€Å"Why Homeless?†). While there are ways to combat homelessness, a program called Housing First should be implemented in the Fairfax County area to address this issue and get homeless people into stable living conditions. Solving homelessness across America is an overwhelming task, but providing aid to the homeless in one specific area is something that can be done. This problem of homelessness may not disappear completely, but the number of homeless people can be reducedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Homelessness Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Epidemic Of Homelessness And The Impact It Has On The United States Jeff Damitz One of the sociologic problems that have always faced society is the presence of homelessness population in a percentage of societies’ citizens. The National Health Care of the Homeless Council (2014) describes the official definition of homeless at â€Å"an individual without permanent housing who may live on the streets; stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned buildingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Homelessness1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves the question, â€Å"Does homelessness affect me at all?† Typically, if homelessness isn’t affecting a certain individual or anyone that they’re close to, they tend to not want to help. From previous research done by Pergantis, Tolliver, Bishop, 2016, it is a known fact that about 578,242 people in America are considered to be homeless. People who were homeless back then done by were considered as disconnected from the world and they have also encountered psychological effects. Other writers likeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1460 Words   |  6 Pagesstigma. The stigma and barriers related to military PTSD have made it difficult for individuals to seek help. Not looking for PTSD treatment can cause long-term effects such as, substance abuse, anger management issues, loneliness, severe depression. Today we will be focusing on homelessness in the veteran community and how the long-term effects of not getting treated affects an individual. What is PTSD? According to Goldenson, he defines Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as â€Å"an anxiety disorder produced

Great depression on unemployment Essay Example For Students

Great depression on unemployment Essay The unemployment in the Depression was very scary. The Depression started with the market crash of 1929. There were mostly men lost their jobs across Canada. Many of the men who had families needed money. If the men didn have any money, they couldn feed their families. Many of the unemployed had to look for jobs and some turned the men down. Sometimes the restaurants would give free meals to men who were hungry. The federal system of Canada was shaken by the Octover, 1929 market crash. This marked the depression for Canada. In the 1930 many of the men who were back east and on the prairies came to Vancouver. They were looking for jobs and there wasn enough jobs for them. Then one day there was a man named Robert Brodie. He started or had gone with the Communist party and they weren really Communists. There he wanted the men to fight what they believed. For example of having jobs. When the men heard the relief program for jobs, they heard the government would give them. 1930: Many of the men who worked on these jobs didn have good wages. The rate of pay was at least 20 cents a day. When the men worked for a longtime in these jobs, they hated it. Then they knew the government cheated on them. Many men argued and were frustrated. Then they would take this fight and riot downtown Vancouver. Some of the men worried if the children had a good education and their families. Because sometimes they would be starving and it was harder to get food for the families. If you were young and unskilled, it is hard to find some jobs. Then if you work in a typical government job, you were safe. After all, the depression hit for jobs where many were unemployed. Then on that day, some cities across Canada were actually protesting or rioting. The only thing they wanted was good wages and jobs. After years gone by only a World War II would give jobs. Then after the war, it would boom Canada economy. When I hear about unemployment in Canada, it is hard for people who loses jobs. After learning the depression in unemployment, we must learn that it would never happen to us. Then we should make sure that the economy in Canada should boom and someday we should create more jobs. If it helps us, and unemployment wouldn be a factor. Bibliography: .

Professional Sports Essays (780 words) - John Hirschbeck

Professional Sports Due to the greediness of sports figures, professional athletes are not punished in the same manner as other professionals are. It is like they are in a completely different group that uses an entirely different set of morals. Team owners care more about making their money than they do about setting a good example for young kids and making pro sports fun again rather than a business. Three good examples of this greediness are Roberto Alomar, Curtis Joseph, and Dennis Rodman. Team owners and their respective leagues need to do something to turn this situation around before they have murderers and rapists playing sports for millions of dollars a year. Roberto Alomar makes 5.5 million dollars a year due to his stellar defense and five Gold Gloves. He is one of majors' best all-around players and destined for the Hall of Fame, but he has performed one of the most unthinkable acts in all of sports. In a 1996 playoff game, Alomar was up to bat and then Umpire (John Hirschbeck) called Alomar out on strikes. Alomar went back to the dugout where he started to argue the call with Hirschbeck who finally tossed Alomar. Oriole's manager (Davey Johnson) along with Alomar went racing to home plate to argue the ejection. As Alomar was being pushed away by Johnson, he spat at Hirschbeck. Alomar was suspended for five games, which was to be served at the beginning of the 1997 season, so he could continue to play in the playoffs. In my opinion, this act was indefensible and warranted a stiffer penalty than a five-game suspension. Major league umpires threatened to strike during the playoffs due to Alomar's behavior and inadequate punishment. I believe that the league did not suspend Alomar during the playoffs because he is such a high profile player that he brings in enough money for the league that officials felt they could justify their actions. Curtis Joseph is one of the premier goalies in the league a favorite among fans and the media and on his way to getting the Vezina Trophy for the best goaltender in the NHL. He is currently leading the Toronto Maple Leafs in the stanley cup playoffs but in a recent game he lost his concentration and his temper. In a recent playoff game an Ottawa Senators player was bumped into Joseph and the go ahead goal was scored. Joseph stormed out of the net and collided with the ref knocking him to the ice. In the NHL rulebook if a player makes contact with an official they will be suspended and punished by the league. In this case Joseph received no suspension and no fine and the league didn't even review the play. Since it's the playoffs and Curtis is a star player he wasn't punished and didn't even get a minor penalty in game. In a similar play Ottawa Sen's player Andre Roy shoved an official aside in a much less harmful incident but received a three game suspension mainly because he is minor player. Dennis Rodman, the National Basketball Association's bad boy, is notorious for getting in trouble. In a January 15, 1997, game, Rodman lost his balance after going for a rebound. He fell into a row of photographers where he kicked one of the photographers in the groin. The photographer, who doubled over in pain, was removed on a stretcher and taken to a nearby hospital. Rodman only received an eleven-game suspension, was fined $25,000 by the league, and ordered to get counseling. Compared with millions of dollars in salary he is paid a year for playing basketball that fine is just a slap on the wrist. That fine is less than one percent of his annual salary. Someone who makes $30,000 a year would be fined more for littering. Attorney Fred Wiesman compared Rodman's behavior to that of Major League Baseball player, Albert Belle, when he said, "It's the same bullying, arrogant, obnoxious behavior. This is not the way reasonable people should conduct themselves" All of the situations mentioned prove one point. Professional sports are corrupt and need to have a serious facelift when it comes to punishment. Roberto Alomar should have at least been suspended immediately rather than the owners allowing him to continue playing, lessening the severity of his actions. Curtis Joseph shouldn't get special treatment just because he's an all star and a fan favorite. All players should face the same punishment and follow the rules that are in the rulebook. Lastly Dennis Rodman should be the reason

Free Essays on Sex Tourism, How To Reduce It

REDUCING SEX TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA:A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBILITIES In the last few decades, sex tourism, particularly within Southeast Asia, has rocketed into a major industry for that region and become a magnet for men all around the world.   Millions of male visitors (both domestic and international) come to this region annually (Ackmar, 1997).   This profusion has led to an outcry from the global community, particularly feminist organizations who believe that prostitution is a crime committed against the bodies of women, and it only further asserts male domination. This paper seeks to explore under what circumstances one could expect to see a significant decline in sex tourism.   It posits that a major lifeline of this trade is linked to the severe economic catastrophe within this region, where it is common for families to send their daughters to the urban centers where they work and send home money. Similarly, it is such a strong source of revenue that many young men have undergone drastic sex change operations, often getting breasts impl ants and make-shift vaginas- hence the term Bangkok chickboy. This paper argues that three major changes would need to take place for a significant reduction in sex tourism to come to pass.   The first, as argued by Leheny (qtd. In Wyllie, 2000) deals with a change in the tourist/guest populations: such as, new desires created by shifts in Southeast Asia’s promotional strategies. Secondly, a change in the labor opportunities faced by the young sex workers may slow the industry due to a lack of supply, and a decreased level of social acceptance.   Thirdly, if the government was strengthened and political stability was maintained, Ahkmar (1997) argues that private sector investment could be put into rural development. A new focus on sustainable, poverty-reducing development could drastically influence sex tourism in Southeast Asia. A change in the methods used to attract tourists and hen... Free Essays on Sex Tourism, How To Reduce It Free Essays on Sex Tourism, How To Reduce It REDUCING SEX TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA:A DISCUSSION OF POSSIBILITIES In the last few decades, sex tourism, particularly within Southeast Asia, has rocketed into a major industry for that region and become a magnet for men all around the world.   Millions of male visitors (both domestic and international) come to this region annually (Ackmar, 1997).   This profusion has led to an outcry from the global community, particularly feminist organizations who believe that prostitution is a crime committed against the bodies of women, and it only further asserts male domination. This paper seeks to explore under what circumstances one could expect to see a significant decline in sex tourism.   It posits that a major lifeline of this trade is linked to the severe economic catastrophe within this region, where it is common for families to send their daughters to the urban centers where they work and send home money. Similarly, it is such a strong source of revenue that many young men have undergone drastic sex change operations, often getting breasts impl ants and make-shift vaginas- hence the term Bangkok chickboy. This paper argues that three major changes would need to take place for a significant reduction in sex tourism to come to pass.   The first, as argued by Leheny (qtd. In Wyllie, 2000) deals with a change in the tourist/guest populations: such as, new desires created by shifts in Southeast Asia’s promotional strategies. Secondly, a change in the labor opportunities faced by the young sex workers may slow the industry due to a lack of supply, and a decreased level of social acceptance.   Thirdly, if the government was strengthened and political stability was maintained, Ahkmar (1997) argues that private sector investment could be put into rural development. A new focus on sustainable, poverty-reducing development could drastically influence sex tourism in Southeast Asia. A change in the methods used to attract tourists and hen...

Animal Farm by George Orwell

George Orwell is a great writer; he created books with many different qualities. Animal farms are fable, fable and satire. He made characters in the novel related to real people and historical events. Like communism, animalism is compared with Dolgotsky, compared with Joseph Stalin, Napoleon is such a fable. Animalism symbolizes communism in many ways. Animals' animal rhythms are not perfect land, wealth, poor people, everyone is equal. They all have the same number of farms. Can George Orwell's Animal Farm George Orwell's Animal Farm be just a political debate or a story by the reader? In this personal study I write an article about George Orwell's animal farm. The novel is entertaining my political debate in this process. The opening chapter introduces the revolutionary theme that dominates the entire novel, and it also introduces livestock. In the first chapter, Old Major is the central figure, letting all other animals go to the barn at night and telling the revolution, by thinki ng of happiness it becomes a pig of wise animals. George Orwell's Animal Farm Animal Farm is a small interpretation of the Russian Revolution of George Orwell, representing the Russian state using British farms. At the beginning of the book, animals are discussing their frustration with Mr. Jones of the current farmer. Mr. Jones is the owner of a manor farm, a farm where all animals live, and is representative of Russian emperor regime. The animals started talking about how to beat Mr. Jones. The views expressed by their arguments are similar to the views of organizations and people who tried to overthrow the Russian tourism government before the Russian revolution. At the George Orwell novel Animal Farm, these animals took over the farm and developed their own independent society. As it happened during the Russian Revolution in 1917. A repressive and exploitative tension between classes between George Orwell's despicable ideals and the harsh reality of socialism. In the literary wo rks of George Orwell, they accepted this treatment, so it clearly shows how these animals were Mr. Jones.

Nursing Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nursing Research - Article Example This study highlights that  in terms of gender, the authors derived that Latinas were at a higher risk of developing diabetes compared to Latino men. However, most alcoholics and smokers were male college students. The authors established that females had better healthy eating patterns compared to men. However, more Latino males participated in physical activities. In terms of generational status, the authors established no differences in fast food consumption, drinking, physical activity, and smoking.The collected demographic information was part of the research design where it can develop relevant treatment interventions for young Latinos with diabetes. The demographic information sought to describe the health behaviors that can help Latino students with diabetes. Moreover, the information described the population of the participants in the research. Indeed, demographic information describes research population.This paper outlines that the demographic information collected by the authors related to age, gender, and generational status of the 156 Latino undergraduate college students who participated in the study. The authors established that younger college-age participants aged between 18 and 24 years old have less healthy eating patterns compared to participants above 24 years old.  They also established that participants aged 36 years and oldersacrificed more time for physical activity compared to college-age students and those between 25 to 35 years of age.

Outsourcing or Exporting America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsourcing or Exporting America - Essay Example The continued heated debate on outsourcing’s pros and cons have affected one of the pillars of American journalism, a CNN host and anchor, Lou Dobbs, on his strong contention that America has been embarking on selling jobs to other countries at the detriment of the American people. In an article written by Dobbs entitled â€Å"Exporting America: false choices† published in the CNNMoney on the 10th of March 2004, he openly countered the criticisms allegedly directed at him by his colleagues in the media industry. Several known and prominent journalists and media men were revealed to attack Dobbs’ views on exporting American jobs: â€Å"Gerard Baker of the Financial Times, An editorial in the Economist magazine, Daniel Henninger of the Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post columnist James Glassman† (Dobbs pars. 1-4). The detractors argued that Dobbs views that â€Å"outsourcing American jobs is neither sound, smart, humane nor in the national interestâ⠂¬  were preposterous, absurd, extremely protectionist and highly sensationalist. In support of Dobbs arguments, the most viable and credible contentions were the information that acknowledged the continued reflection of trade deficits in the country for more than three decades, actually, starting in 1980 (Crooks). This fact, in conjunction with information provided by Torrance who reviewed the ill-effects of outsourcing, to wit: â€Å"income levels are frozen and cannot compete with inflation. Workers lose leverage to negotiate fair wage increases or promotion. Foreign employment policies, such as minimum wage, and working conditions differ. Businesses who are outsourcing can set a minimum wage in developing countries that would never be accepted as a minimum wage in America† (Torrance par. 6). At the same token, Davidson, a guest columnist for FinalCall.com News, wrote in an article entitled â€Å"The outsourcing of America’s jobs†, one year before Dobbs†™ article was published, that the controversial nature of outsourcing jobs has been eminent and his citing another written discourse revealed that: â€Å"In an article that appeared in the August 1, 2003 edition of the Kansas City Star, Shashank Bengali suggested that the goal of a growing number of American companies is to outsource customer-service work to India, as a result of India’s low wages, thriving high-tech sector and annual output of two million English-speaking college graduates. A study by Forrester Research, a technology consulting group, estimates that 3.3 million white-collar service jobs will be outsourced to places like China, Russia and the Philippines—but more than half will go to India† (Davidson par. 7). The U.S. Census Bureau has divulged statistics that reveal continued greater imports of the U.S. of Indian goods, as compared to exports of American goods, which could be traced consistently with the outsourcing data abovementioned (U.S. Census Bureau). More alarming are the statistics cited by Otterman in her discourse that indicates the following facts: â€Å"Boston-based consultancy Forrester estimates that 400,000 service jobs have been lost to offshoring since 2000, with jobs leaving at a rate of 12,000 to 15,000 per month†¦By 2015, Forrester predicts, roughly 3.3 million service jobs will have moved offshore, including 1.7 million "back office" jobs such as payroll processing and accounting, and 473,000 jobs in

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essays -- Trif

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Works Cited Not Included Trifles, a one-act play, written by Susan Glaspell, has an interesting plot about an abusive husband?s murder at the hands of his abused wife on a secluded farm in the Midwest (Russell, pg. 1). The opening scene of the play gives us a great deal of information about the people of the play and their opinions. The play portrays the ways in which men treated women during this time period. The men in the reading reflected a male-oriented society, which caused the women feelings of repression and unappreciation. Throughout the play the actions of Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Hale, and Mrs. Peters resemble that of Greek mythology, where three sisters controlled the fate of men (Russell, pg. 1). The setting in which the majority of the action takes place is the kitchen. The room is described as ? a gloomy kitchen?-unwashed pans under the sink, a loaf of bread outside the bread-box, a dish-towel on the table-and other signs of uncompleted works?(Roberts and Jones, pg.1150). This description should alert the reader immediately that something is wrong. In the time when this play was taking place, the woman?s sole responsibility was to keep the house in order. Everything I have read from this time period has portrayed the house as a very clean and organized place for the man to come home to. It was supposed to be a place for rest and relaxation. The fact that Mrs. Wright?s kitchen was in such disarray, symbolizes that something was troubling her. In the paragraph describing the scene it is told that the people entered the kitchen in the order of the sheriff, the county attorney, and Hale. The sheriff?s wife and Mrs. Hale followed behind the men, entering last... ...h some of her own. ?Mrs. Hale symbolically claims her position as the person who spins the thread of life,? (Russell, pg. 1) relating back to Greek mythology. When the men continue to joke about Mrs. Wright?s intention ?to quilt or just knot? it evokes a defensive response in Mrs. Hale which seems to warn them not to tempt fate. The play ends with the women leaving the house without conveying what they had learned to the men. They felt justified in making a decision not to tell because of the condescending attitudes of the men. Their choice was to do what was legally right and report their findings, or to conceal the truth and vindicate all women (Kearns, pg. 1). Mrs. Hale snatches the box from Mrs. Peters and puts it in the pocket of her big coat to conceal it. The women have no intentions of revealing their finds, and seem to protect Mrs. Wright to the end.

Political Inquiry Terms and Definitions

Research Design * Good research, bad research * Involves connecting theory and data. * Maximising leverage by using very few variables to explain many effects. * Reports on the degree of certainty of results. * Shows true causal relationship, not just correlation. * Provides accurate data and accounts for other variables. * Determines if the relationship is unidirectional. * Purpose of research * To establish a relationship between two or more variables * To demonstrate that the results are generally true in the real world and not in just a particular context. To reveal whether one phenomenon precedes another in time, establish time order * To eliminate as many alternative explanations for the observed finding as possible * Choice of design * What affects * Is research exploratory, descriptive or explanatory * What are the practical limitations in investigating hypothesis. * Experimental design: * Classical experimental design, 2 groups, pre and post test, randomisation, * Simple pos t test: only post test * Repeated measure design, measure how long effect takes to start. Multiple pre and post tests. Multigroup design, more than 2 groups, can compare different levels of experimental variable. * Randomised Field experiments, applies logic of randomisation and variable manipulation * Non-randomised quasi-experiments. Purposeful selection, target a certain group. * Non-experimental design: single group, no control over assignment and application of IV, inability to measure DV. * Case study: small N designs. Provide detailed explanation * Comparative analysis: compare two or several units in relative detail * Focus group: gather information about reaction to certain IV. Surveys: large number of people measured to find causal relationships. * Aggregate data analysis: variables are averages or percentages of geographical areas, find causal relationships. * Longitudinal designs, time span. * Trend analysis: measurement on same variables at different time periods to exa mine changes. * Panel analysis: follows a group of participants. * Intervention analysis: measurement of change in the DV is observed and taken before and after. No interaction, mere observation. * Ethnographies: form of data collection through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires.Field studies * Content analysis: textual analysis, study of recordings, written. * What they have in common * They all share the basic objectives of research design despite having different levels of internal and external validity. Using several designs together will cover each other’s shortfall. * They all attempt to draw sound conclusions supported by observable evidence * Terms * Causal vs spurious * Both show correlation between IV and DV, but in spurious the change in DV because 3rd factor caused changed in both. Causal is a direct relationship. 5 different relationships. Multiple causes without chain.Multiple causes with chain. Multiple causes that affect DV, but are changed with the introduction of another variable. Spurious causality with antecedent variable. Chain causality with intervening variable. * Covariation * Demonstrates that the IV does in fact covary with DV. Not causal relationship yet. * Time order * Show that the IV precedes DV. Effect cannot appear before cause. * Alternative causes * Confounding factors. Factors that possible cause a change in DV as well. * Randomised controlled experiments * Experiments that allow the researcher to control the exposure to the IV through assignments to groups.Selection and grouping all randomised. * Experimental design * The way in which the researcher controls exposure to test IV. 5 different designs. * Control group * The group of subjects that does not receive experimental treatment or test stimulus. * Pre-test * Measurement of the DV prior to administration of IV or experimental treatment. * Post test * Measurement of the DV after administration. * Internal vs external validity * Internal validity is the ability to show that manipulation or variation of the IV actually causes change in DV. * External validity is the ability to generalise from one set of research findings to other situations. History * A threat to internal validity. Events other than the experimental stimulus that occur between pretest and posttest measurements. * Along with maturation * Testing * When measuring the DV prior to the stimulus alerts the subjects of the research objectives. * Selection bias * Bias due to the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups according to some criterion and not randomly. A threat to internal validity. * Experimental mortality * A differential loss of subjects from experimental and control groups that affects the equivalency of groups; threat to internal validity * Instrument decay A change in the instrument used to measure the DV, like different researcher conducting pretest and posttest. * Demand characteristics * Aspects of the research situation that ca use participants to guess at the investigators goals and adjust their behaviour or opinions accordingly. Trying to â€Å"help†. * Simple post test * Similar to classical. Experimental group exposed but control not, only post test is conducted. * Repeated measure design * Contains several pre and post test measurements to know exactly how quickly the effect of the independent variable should be observed or how reliable pretest measurement of DV should be taken. Multi-group design * There are more than one experimental r control group created so different levels of the IV can be compared. Can involve both pre and post test or just one. * Field experiments * They are experimental designs that are applied in a natural setting. Adopts logic of randomisation and variable manipulation. * Non-experimental design * They are designs that do not follow the experimental model of two groups and have controlled exposure to IV. They are more practical to do but are not as strong in terms of establishing causal relationships. * Case study * Comprehensive and in depth study of a single case or several cases.Provide detailed explanations * Comparative analysis * Comparing between two or several units in relative detail * Focus group * Often use to observe reactions to the introduction of the IV. Has a group of people who meet at a single location * Surveys * Measurement of DV and IV at the same time. Respondents report their exposure to various factors. No assignment to groups, examines groups basd on values of IV, measurement of DV to see differences between groups. * Aggregate data analysis * Variables that are displayed as averages or percentages, to find causality. Trend analysis and longitudinal design * Measurements on same variables at different time periods to see the changes caused by the IV on the DV. No manipulation of variables. Multiple measurements. * Panel study * A study that follows a group of participants where the same units are measured at different t imes. * Panel mortality * Refers to the participants in the panel study who drop out. Rate? * Intervention analysis. * Looks at the occurrence of the IV as an observation. Looking at the DV before and after IV. Works best when IV happens in a brief period in time and brief in nature.Measure only before and after event. Literature Review * Purpose of Literature review, 7 * To see what has and has not been investigated * To develop general explanations for observed variations in a behaviour or a phenomenon * To identify potential relationships between concepts and to identify researchable hypothesis * To learn how others have defined and measured key concepts * To identify data sources that other researches have used * To develop alternative research designs * To discover how a research project is related to the work of others. * What constitutes a literature review It is made of different relevant articles that provide more insight into topic * It should help arrive at a good researc h topic * It should show what has and has not been researched * It provides a general explanation for variations in behaviour or phenomenon * It identifies researchable topics * It should help develop alternative research designs * Best methods for collecting literature * Using electronic databases like JSTOR, Web of Science and Google Scholar. * Searching by topic and key words, slowly limiting results, read the articles and find new words to narrow down the search. Searching by starting with a single article. Use data base to find more relevant articles or other articles written by the same author. Use the citations in that first article. Find articles that have cited the first article. * Best ways to write a literature review * It should rely on scholarly sources * It must relate directly to topic * Have to become familiar with as much of the research before selecting the final sources. * Summarising of relevant literature that focuses on over-arching topics rather than single ar ticles. * Compiling all articles into something that makes sense. * Organising the topics ased upon the research question. * Identifying common themes or methodologies across the articles. * Discussion of conventional wisdom, illustrating how current politics has changed and identifying the flaws in past research. Sampling * Terms * Population * all case or observations covered by a hypothesis, all the units of analysis to which a hypothesis applies. * Sample * A subset of observations or cases drawn from a specified population. * Sample statistics * The estimator of a population characteristics or attribute that is calculated from sample data * Advantages and disadvantages of samples Advantages * It is cheaper and less time consuming as compared to using population * More convenient. * Disadvantages * They can be less accurate or more prone to error * Some studies do not use sampling, like case studies. * Population parameter * A characteristic or attribute of a population that can be quantified. * Estimator * A statistic based on sample observations that is used to estimate the numerical value of an unknown population parameter. * Element * A particular case or entity about which information is collected, the unit of analysis. When to use a sample * Practicality. When data from an extremely large population is required, it is impossible to interview or approach each and every subject. Thus sampling is require because although the sample statistics will not exactly equal the corresponding values, they will be reasonably close if sampling is done correctly. * Sampling frame * The particular population in which the sample is actually drawn from. * Random digit dial: purpose of and how and why it works * It is a procedure used to improve the representativeness of telephone amples by giving both listed and unlisted numbers a chance of selection. * It is used to overcome the problem of cell phone numbers which are unlisted * It works by randomly dialling numbers. * It works because it gives all numbers, whether listed or not a chance to get dialled. * Sampling unit * The entity listed in a sampling frame. Maybe same as an element or group. * Sample bias * The bias that occurs whenever some elements of a population are systematically excluded from a sample. It is usually due to an incomplete sampling frame or a non-probability method of selecting elements. Probability sample: types, pros and cons * Sample for which each element has a known probability of being included in the sample * Types: * Simple random samples: each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Pros: each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Cons * It is not truly random, small patterns of selection might appear. * Obtaining a list of the entire population is not possible, reducing the probability. * Systemic samples: elements are selected from a list at predetermined intervals * Pros It is easier to apply than simple random. * Useful when dealing with a v ery large population size. * Cons * May result in biased sampling: if elements on the list have been ranked according to a characteristic. The list contains a pattern that corresponds to the sampling interval. * Stratified samples: elements sharing one or more characteristics are grouped and elements are selected from each group in proportion to the group’s representation in the total population * Pros * Homogeneous populations, smaller sample seize is needed to achieve accuracy. * Cons Heterogeneous populations need a much larger sample to be accurate. * Proportionate samples: stratified samples where each stratum is represented in proportion to its size in the population. * Pros * Very representative of the population * Cons * Not good with heterogeneous populations * Disproportionate samples: stratified samples in which elements sharing a characteristic are under-represented or over-represented. * Pros * When the sample size is too small, can be used to increase it easily. * Cons * May not be representative of the population if weight factor is not used. Cluster samples: the sampling frame initially consists of clusters of elements * Pros * Used when no list of elements exists and to create one would be too expensive. * Reduces field work costs * Cons * There is greater imprecision. Samples are not representative of population. * Non-probability samples: types, pros and cons * Each element has an unknown probability of being included in the sample * Types * Purposive samples: when a researcher exercises considerable discretion over what observations to study. * Pros * Can learn more from carefully selected unusual cases. Cons * Not accurately representative of population. * Convenience sample: elements are included because they are convenient and easy for the research to select * Pros * Convenience * Large numbers easy to get * Cons * Unknown accuracy * Quota sample: elements are sampled in proportioned to their representation in the population. * Pr os * Similar to proportionate sampling, but subjects chosen purposefully. * Cons * Selection bias * Snowball sample: respondents are used to identify other persons who might qualify for inclusion into the sample * Pros Good for relatively selective and rare populations * Relationship between samples and statistical inferences * Statistical inferences is the mathematical theory and techniques for making conjunctures about the unknown characteristics of the population based on samples. Making inferences about a population. * Trying to define more clearly what supportable means * Samples provide an estimate of population attributes and may be off from the true population parameter. The difference is the level of precision lost. * 3 types of errors in inference Expected values or sampling error * Expected value is the average value of a sample statistic based on repeated samples of the population. * Sampling error is the difference between a sample estimate and a corresponding populatio n parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard errors * The standard deviation or measure of a variability or dispersion of a sampling distribution * Provides a numerical indication of the variation in sample estimates * Sampling distributions. A theoretical non-observed distribution of sample statistics calculated on samples on size N that, if known, permits the calculation of confidence intervals and the test of statistical hypothesis * Describes the mean, variation and shape of the distribution that is based on an independently and randomly drawn population. * It allows researchers to calculate the probability that sample statistics fall within certain distances of the population parameter. * Sampling error * the difference between a sample estimate and a corresponding population parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard error The standard deviation or measure of a variability or dispersion of a sampling distribution * Provides a numerical indication of the variation in sample estimates * Confidence * How much error this is in a sample. The degree of belief or probability that an estimate range of values includes or covers population parameter. * Sample distribution * Describes the mean, variation and shape of the distribution that is based on an independently and randomly drawn population. * Sample size. * 100 (11% +/-) * 600 (5% +/-) * 1000 (4% +/-) * 1500 (3% +/-) 4000 (2% +/-) Observations * Terms * Quantitative vs qualitative data * Quantitative data involves a large amount of data and its involves numeric manipulation * Qualitative data involves small number of cases, more in depth and it relies on quotations, comments, anecdotes and other written evidence to support arguments * Both seek to explain trends or patterns through systematically collected data. * Data collection, how do we choose the best way, characteristics of * How to choose the best way * Depends on th e question * Depends on the sample Depends on which constitutes the best measures, validity of the measurements that a particular method will allow. * Depends on cost and availability, some are more observable than others, some less expensive. * Depends on the reactivity to the collection by the population. * Consider ethical implications. * Characteristics * Primary and secondary data * IRB, what role it plays and the significance of it * Institutional review board, a must for any test involving human subjects. * It is guided by 3 principles: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The role it plays s to ensure that all research conducted will not harm any individuals, recognise that they are autonomous and there is distribution of benefits to participants. To ensure that no ethical boundaries are crossed. * Its significance is that it has removed all unethical research to be done, but this limits the way data is collected. Thus researchers must consider the benefits vs the b urden of the research. * Observation, types and pros and cons: basic distinction is direct and indirect. * Direct * Allows researchers to view things in natural setting more often than laboratory. Field study or ethnography. Observation in lab gives more control over environment ‘ * Pros * Natural settings allow people to act normally, increases validity * Researchers can observe for longer periods of time * Lab can give more control. * Cons * Lab can also mean that subjects know they are being observed and thus alter behaviour, low validity * Natural setting cannot control external effects and variables. * Indirect * Observation of physical traces of behaviour, essentially detective work. Inferences are made based on physical traces * Two types of measures * Erosion Created by selective wear on some material. Looking at what has been eroded or removed, looking at what is left. * Accretion * Measures a phenomenon a manifested through the deposition and accumulation of material s. Seeing what has built up. * Pros * It raises less ethical issues than direct * Some materials or traces of them are more/less durable than other, making them more/less easy to measure, depending on the method. * Less obtrusive, much cheaper than alternatives * Cons * There are many threats to validity, prone to measurement problems * Can be difficult to make strong inferences * Participant Most field studies involve this, proverbial fly on the wall. Observing people for long periods of time. Assume a role or identity within the group. * Pros * Gain deep access into the group through informants * Natural setting * Observe for long periods so changes in behaviour can be studied * Has a degree of accuracy and completeness that other methods cannot provide. * Cons * It is not viable for every question, some things are just unobservable, like voting * Lack of control over the environment, inability to isolate factors * May be invalid or biased, going native.Becoming part of the enviro nment, perceived biased. * Difficulties with replication of study * Non participant * Same as direct. * Overt * Participants are aware of the investigators presence and intentions * Covert * Investigators presence is hidden or undisclosed. * Structured * Investigator looks for and systematically records the incidence of specific behaviours * Unstructured * All behaviour is considered relevant, at least at first, and recorded. * Ethical issues and how to avoid * Negative repercussions from associating with researcher because of the researcher’s sponsors, nationality or outsider status. Invasion of privacy * Stress during research interaction * Disclosure of behaviour or information to the researcher resulting in harm to the observed during or after the study. * How to avoid: ethical proofreading * Assume everything and all identities will be discovered * Look at actual words in manuscript * When describing potentially unflattering things go from general to specific * Be genera l about community at hand * Realise that data and research will be used again * Know what perspective and attitude is towards subject * Caution subjects multiple times Know study limitations and agreement are in advance * Have other people edit sensitive portions. Document analysis * Types of records, pros and cons of utilization * Two types of records * Running: produced by organisations rather than private citizens, carefully stored and easily accessed and is available for long periods of time. * Pros * Low cost in terms of money and time. * Accessibility * Covers more extensive period in time. * Extensive amounts of records * Many records are digitalised * Cons * At the mercy of those who keep the records, may or may not be biased. Questions on recording keeping practices, may not be kept properly. * Episodic: records that are produced and preserved in a more casual, personal and accidental manner. Diaries and memoirs. Important to political historians. * Pros * Used to illuminat e phenomena rather than generate large sample * Provides different perspectives on certain phenomena. * Use qualitatively. * Cons * Gaining access to episodic records can be difficult, locating suitable materials is the most time consuming aspect of data collection * Many are not digitalised. Content analysis, procedures, pros and cons, intercoder reliability * Refers to the use of excerpts, quotes, and examples from recorded documents to support and observation. * Can be both qualitative and quantitative in nature. * Procedures * Decide on appropriate sample, what materials to include in the analysis. * Define the recording or coding units, decide what is actually going to be measured. * Choose categories of content that are going to be measured, deciding the recording unit. How to measure what you want. Code words? Devise a system of enumeration for the content being coded, a numeric system based on what is being coded. Code for number of times X appears. * Pros * Gives researcher s access to subjects that would otherwise be difficult to attain. * Raw data are usually nonreactive, no undesired influences on behaviour. * Written records like newspapers have existed over long periods in time * They can be easily attained * It often enables us to increase sample size above what would be possible though either interviews or direct observation . * The cost of keeping records are borne by the keepers, it is low cost for those using them. Cons * Selective survival, record keepers may not preserve all pertinent materials, only selectively. Gaps may exist * Incompleteness. Gaps may exist due to fires losses of other types * Content may be biased. May be incomplete, selectively preserved, inaccurate or falsified * Unavailable to researchers because they are classified. * They lack a standard format because it is kept by different people. * Intercoder reliability * Refers to when two or more coders, using the same procedures, agree on how the content is analysed.The mor e times the coders make the same conclusions the same way, the more claims can be made. * Written records, pros and cons * Pros * Can be used when other means like direct observation or interviews are not possible. * Able to use for large scale collective behaviour, cannot possibly interview all. * Raises fewer ethical issues than observation or interviewing. * No risk to individuals as long as they are not identified in records. * Cheaper than other forms. * Not affected by time or history, what is recorded cannot be changed. * Cons * Gaining access may be difficult, classified Records not kept properly, or purposefully changed Survey research and interviews * definition and difference * surveys are a method of data collection that acts as an alternative to experiments or simulations. * Instead of manipulating an independent variable to view its effects, survey design examines the relationship between variables, better at establishing correlation rather than causation. * Types of s urveys, pros and cons, * Personal, face to face * High cost * High to medium completion rate * Potentially high sample congruence * Long to medium length * High data processing cost * Telephone Medium cost * Medium completion rate * Medium sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing cost * Mail * Low cost * Low completion rate * Medium sample congruence * Medium to short length * Medium data processing costs * Email * Low cost * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing costs * Internet * Low costs * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing costs * Group administration * Very low costs * High once group is convened completion rate Depends on group selection process, sample congruence * Variable length * High to low data processing costs * Drop off/pick up. * Very low costs * Low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Short length * Low data processing costs. * Completion and response rates, significance of * Refers to the proportion of persons initially contacted who actually participate. * When the proportion of the persons contacted who actually participate is too low, the ability to make statistical inferences about the population is limited * Too little responses, cannot make inferences. * Cost * Time and money. Have to balance between costs and completion rate. * Data processing * Answers of the surveys still have to be tabulated. All data need to be coded in a way that a computer can process them. * Problem with open ended questions. Have to be transcribed and coded. * A major reason for adopting internet and telephone surveys. * Sample-population congruence * Refers to how well the sample subjects represent the population from which they are drawn * Biases can enter through the initial selection of respondents or through incomplete responses. * The closer the congruence, the more repre sentative the sample, higher validity. Length * Too long and respondents lose interest or start answering without care, get distracted. * Too short and not enough data is collected. * Well motivated participants can help with the problem. * Response quality * Cannot take the responses at face value. * Participants may not have the same interests or familiarity with certain topics. * People may be reluctant to express their opinions to strangers. * Busy people won’t answer truthfully. * Interview bias * Occurs when the interviewer influences the respondent’s answers, may have a larger effect on telephone surveys than in person surveys. Question types and wording, what to be careful for and why, pros and cons * Close-ended questions * Pros * Easier for people to answer and takes little time * Easier to sort and tabulate data * Sensitive issues are better paired with close ended questions * Cons * Force respondents to choose from a list they may not agree with * Single si ded and double sided questions that can affect responses * Single side, agree or disagree with a statement * Two sided, gives two alternative statements to choose. Problems of recall versus recognition, can prompt answers that would have otherwise been blank. People don’t know the answer but recall when seeing the choice. * Oversimplified and distorted picture of public opinion * Open-ended questions * Pros * Allows respondents to state what they know and think. * Good for situations where likely answers are not known. * Cons * Respondents may respond too much or too little. * Problem with recording answers, tedious and difficult to code, interpretations vary as well. * Processing data is time consuming. * Wording Wording is important, question clarity is vital to get valid responses. Objectivity and clarity * Avoid * Double barrelled questions * Two questions in one. Sometimes participants might not agree with first question but is made to in order to answer the second. * Am biguous questions * One that contains a concept that is not defined clearly. * Participants may interpret the question wrongly. * Leading questions * Reactive question. Encourages respondents to choose a particular response because the question indicates that the researcher expects it. * Giving what the researcher wants, validity is off. Push polls. * Question order and effects * The order in which questions are presented may influence the reliability and validity of answers. Participants any answer differently or stop when they see certain questions. Can solve response set. * Branching questions * A question what sorts respondents into subgroups and directs them into different parts of the questionnaire * Filter questions * A question that screens respondents from inappropriate questions. * Response set * Straight line responding. * May occur when a series of questions have the same answer choices.Check the first few, then blindly check the rest. * Archives surveys, pros and cons * Existing surveys that have been designed in the past and are readily available to use. * Pros * Very cheap, for those with no access to funding. * Less time is spent designing the surveys. * More reliable and higher quality, widely used thus more reliable. * Well written questions. * Cons * The questions are not what you want. * Interviews, definition, pros and cons. * Interviewing is the act of asking individuals a series of questions and recording their responses.May be face to face or over the phone. * Pros * Sometimes asking questions is the only way * Elites can provide valuable information, but only through interviews. Focused interviews. * Can provide more comprehensive and detailed information, rich variety of perspectives. * Excellent form of data collection in exploratory studies. * Cons * Can be difficult to administer * Have to take into account non-verbal cues and be willing to go off topic * Detailed note taking * face to face, strong necessity for interpersonal skill s.

Culture As A Global Enterprise - 950 Words

Culture in a Global Enterprise The definition and major elements of the culture are outlined in this critical essay. Furthermore, an explanation of the culture in a global enterprise, and whether or not the culture is a critical factor in managing Information Technology (IT) in a global enterprise are also summarized. Finally, a discussion has been provided about how firms can understand and improve their culture to support IT management in a global enterprise. Culture and its Major Elements Culture can be defined as a concept that contains various practices, norms, and symbols (DeLong Fahey, 2000), as well as ceremony, rituals, language, myths, and ideology (Pettigrew, 1979), that the individuals of a social collection share within themselves and these qualities exist beyond an individual’s mind and have a widespread effect (Walsham, 2002). Schein (1985) described a model based on the three levels of culture consisting of the basic assumptions, values, and the artifacts and creations. As summarized by Schein (1985), the first level of basic assumptions is the core component of culture, and mostly comprises of human behavior, truth, reality, and individual relationships. These basic assumptions develop with time when members of a social group find a way to handle a problem and they transfer it to the next generation (Schein, 1985). Furthermore, Schein (1985) proposed the second level of culture named values. Values are extremely important and specific to a particularShow MoreRelatedCulture As A Global Enterprise963 Words   |  4 PagesCulture in a Global Enterprise The interpretations of culture along with the considerable cultural elements are outlined in this critical essay. Furthermore, explanations of the culture in a global enterprise, and whether or not the culture is a critical component in managing Information Technology (IT) in a global enterprise, are also summarized. Finally, a discussion has been presented about how firms can apprehend and advance their culture to support IT management in a global enterprise. CultureRead MoreHow Corporate Culture Influence Multi-National Enterprises’ Global Operations?2353 Words   |  10 PagesHow Corporate Culture influence Multi-national enterprises’ global operations? Introduction It is undeniable that competition in the business area is very fierce. People in the business world must find the best way in order to survive. Business, nowadays, expand their business to other countries as globalization on the rise. They need to remain competitive in a global marketplace with well coordinated and tightly controlled worldwide operations. For multinational enterprises (â€Å"MNEs†), theRead MoreEssay on International Management Process1168 Words   |  5 PagesOverview  · International Management process - is heavily affected by the culture (as well as other factors) of the country where enterprises pursue their goals and objectives.  · Culture - comprise an entire set of social norms and responses that condition peoples behavior, it is acquired and incalculated, a set of rules and behavior, patterns that an individual learns but does not inherit at birth. Three Ways Culture is Learned:  · Formal learning - formal activities are taught by preceptRead MoreIBM Globally Integrated Enterprise Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesfounded in 1911, based in New York, transformed over a period of about one hundred years from an international, multi-national, to a global integrated enterprise. In 2008, IBM shifted its focus to define and develop leaders for a global economy. This effort included making the globally integrated enterprise relevant to all employees through IBM values, culture, and global citizenship. The aim was to ensure IBM could compete globally. IBM realized it was necessary to examine how it functioned, whileRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Ethics in Business in Light of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (Gfc)1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2008 global financial crisis has affected today’s economy severely based on the collapses on issues such as immoral practices, governance, regulations, enterprise ethics. Factors to consider with the collapse that lead to the financial crisis is the dangerous outcomes that financial companies were not foreseen in advanced of borrowing mortgages for the companies. The change of ethics through enterprises demonstrate how business approaches to ethics over the past years where ethics is seen inRead MoreHuawei : The World s Biggest Telecommunications Company1673 Words   |  7 Pagesand Sky (Anderson, 2012). Huawei is the first Chinese brand to be included in the ranks of the top 100 best global brands, according to Interbrand (Yueh, 2014). As the world s biggest telecommunications company, the firm provides information communications technology (ICT) solutions to all over the world, delivering end-to-end solutions for telecom operators, consumers, and enterprises (Huawei.com). The company officially incorporated by ex-military officer Ren Zhengfei and other 5 investorsRead MoreInnovation, Entrepreneurship, And Innovation1559 Words   |  7 Pagesfor MIT Entrepreneurship at MIT, lectures on IDEs â€Å"innovation-driven enterprises†, high growth potential and competitive advantage that brings new innovations to customers’ world-wide. (Aulet, 2013). Tom Peters teaches the benefits of SMEs â€Å"small and medium enterprises† (SME), you don’t have to be in a traditional competitive market, just well understood business ideas, which have a possibility of failure (Peters, Building a Culture of Innovation, 1999). Entrepreneur is a chance, to start your ownRead MoreTransnational IT Operations1340 Words   |  5 PagesTransnational IT Operations Introduction Enterprises are having to quickly change their value chains and supporting subsystems, processes, platforms and procedures to more effectively support globalized operations. Despite the common assumption that globalization and transnational IT operations are undertaken for cost reduction, a more common motivation on the part of enterprises is to capitalize on the unique expertise and knowledge in a given country or region (Gill, 2011). From this vantageRead MoreManaging A Global Enterprise Wide Project1207 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many items to take into consideration when managing a global enterprise wide project; after spending the last eight weeks working towards what it means to be a project manager of such an assignment we have come up with 10 tasks that must be met for successful project completion. They are as follows in no particular order; Define the team structure, work process, and communication channels- Management must prepare an infrastructure for effective functional teamwork and technology transferRead MoreImpact of Culture in International Human Resource Management912 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Culture in International Human Resource Management Martin Human Resource Management relates to the processes involved in managing people in international enterprises (Helfrich, et al., 2008). Although the literature has identified several criteria to classify the degree or intensity of an enterprise ´s multi- or transnationality for this short abstract a multinational enterprise can be defined as â€Å"an enterprise which conducts it activities, control production or service facilities