Designing a vehicle

Free Essays on Lower Mesopotamia

Factors that contributed to the emergence of city-states in Lower Mesopotamia and the influence the landscape played in the formation of the civilization which emerged. For this essay I considered the question of what factors contributed to the emergence of city-states in Lower Mesopotamia and the influence the landscape played in the formation of the civilization which emerged. Through my research on this topic I found that there is much evidence to support the claim that landscape was a very large influence on the emergence of civilization and that most of the contributing factors were, in some way, linked to geography. In order to fully understand the topic, I first explored what the definition of civilization is. The first criterion for civilization, that I could think of, is domestication and an agricultural economy capable of producing a stored surplus. From this, I felt the need to examine the origins of Mesopotamian agriculture. With the glacial retreat after the last ice-age (roughly 10000 BC) the Mesopotamian climate improved and many modern plants and animals began to become concentrated in specific areas. Around 9000 BC the vast majority of Mesopotamian peoples were hunter-gatherers. With the concentrations of plants and animals being in specific areas these hunter-gatherers soon began to domesticate those plants and animals and a sedentary village farming pattern arose. This became the predominant way of life around 6000 BC. This change from food collecting to food producing was one of the major transformations in human history. Early peoples no longer had to live the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers but could settle down in permanent housing and produce their own food. It also began an economic change that altered social and political institutions, religion, etc. Domestication is the process of altering plants and animals so that they are no longer bound to the natural habitats of their wild ancestors. In esse... Free Essays on Lower Mesopotamia Free Essays on Lower Mesopotamia Factors that contributed to the emergence of city-states in Lower Mesopotamia and the influence the landscape played in the formation of the civilization which emerged. For this essay I considered the question of what factors contributed to the emergence of city-states in Lower Mesopotamia and the influence the landscape played in the formation of the civilization which emerged. Through my research on this topic I found that there is much evidence to support the claim that landscape was a very large influence on the emergence of civilization and that most of the contributing factors were, in some way, linked to geography. In order to fully understand the topic, I first explored what the definition of civilization is. The first criterion for civilization, that I could think of, is domestication and an agricultural economy capable of producing a stored surplus. From this, I felt the need to examine the origins of Mesopotamian agriculture. With the glacial retreat after the last ice-age (roughly 10000 BC) the Mesopotamian climate improved and many modern plants and animals began to become concentrated in specific areas. Around 9000 BC the vast majority of Mesopotamian peoples were hunter-gatherers. With the concentrations of plants and animals being in specific areas these hunter-gatherers soon began to domesticate those plants and animals and a sedentary village farming pattern arose. This became the predominant way of life around 6000 BC. This change from food collecting to food producing was one of the major transformations in human history. Early peoples no longer had to live the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers but could settle down in permanent housing and produce their own food. It also began an economic change that altered social and political institutions, religion, etc. Domestication is the process of altering plants and animals so that they are no longer bound to the natural habitats of their wild ancestors. In esse...

Old Men Pitching Horeshoes by X.J. Kennedy Essay

Old Men Pitching Horeshoes by X.J. Kennedy - Essay Example The four old men in the poem heavily employ the ditch as a field in which they can perform their activities -- in this case, pitching horseshoes. The images of the old men and the ditch itself are quite interesting for they speak of something deeper. In practice, however, the ditch as a human invention is mainly used for controlling flood water. This implies that the ditch, as described in the poem, becomes a world in itself rather than a mere tool for civilized men -- particularly young men. The old men fundamentally alter the norm prevalent in their time and place. In doing so, they create their own universe even â€Å"[d]own the worn path of earth.† Perhaps the â€Å"real† world or civilization that the characters are immersed into seems to neglect the old men’s dignity. To subvert this disrespect marked in an industrialized society, these four men play their game in the ditch as they â€Å"considered dignity behooves.† Moreover, the metaphor of Kennedy ’s poetry can also be seen in the peg imagery. As a marker that defines score or location, the peg as a metaphor represents a system of defined boundaries of roles and all. Society such as a civilized one has its conventional rules and laws that govern the people’s thoughts and actions. In the context of the poem, these rules include the exclusion of the old men in terms of active participation in the social life.

United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

United Nations - Essay Example Members are joined together and bound by treaties signifying their participation within the larger UN political framework. The political decisions of member-states are thus constrained by their allegiance and signatory status to overarching United Nations treaties. Established in the wake of the Second World War, the United Nations was created to ensure that the horrors of World War II never happen again. Since the United Nations represents multilateralism, collective decision-making and negotiation on a global scale it is the most pronounced example of a supranational political body ever created. Seeking to explore the history, purpose and goals of the United Nations, this essay will provide a holistic analysis of the United Nations. A supranational organization which evolved in the aftermath of the horrors of the Second World War, the United Nations was created with the goals of ensuring that the calamity of the Second World War never occurs again through peaceful diplomacy and collective negotiation through intercultural communication. This essay will describe the emergence of the United Nation as a viable multilateral organization, explain the reasons for its emergence and discuss the goals of this supranational body. Why was the United Nations established and what role does intercultural communication play within the UN? These questions, and many more, with respect to the development of the United Nations will be analyzed and discussed in depth. We will then summarize our analysis and conclude with a concise overview of the UN. An international organization which promotes world peace through a variety of social initiatives, the United Nations grew out of the calamity of the Second World War. Presently composed of 192 member states from all corners of the globe, members of this multilateral organization include nearly every recognized country in the world and membership in the UN is considered the international stamp of

Connection Between Sexual Activity And Urinary Incontinence Article

Connection Between Sexual Activity And Urinary Incontinence - Article Example While the authors effectively considered marital status and age to be important determinants of sexual activity among older women, they failed to include other factors including family structure and the socioeconomic conditions. The authors seem to assume the old women to be lonely nesters or solitary survivors. Also, the socioeconomic background of the women has completely been ignored. These factors should have been analyzed in order to come down to a more relevant and sound conclusion. Not only these, but the ten item questionnaire seems to have provided a limitation as it restricted the participants to respond to a fixed set of responses eliminating the scope of probing. According to one definition, a primary source is a written matter which is authentic (Princeton University, n.pag.). Primary sources also include peer reviewed articles in journals that present a study on a new subject rather than the commenting and assessing the findings of a previous research. Under such condit ions, the journal article is a primary source as the authors have carried out a research by employing a particular methodology, structure, and so on. Instead of translating and explaining available knowledge, the authors have made an effort to conduct a study by using a suitable questionnaire (quantitative method) of gathering data. Such data has then been tested for validity and reliability by making it go through a series of statistical tests. The questionnaire used in order to conduct the research has been International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form and by statistically analyzing the data acquired from the participants’ response; a conclusion has been drawn that defines the relationship between UI and sexual activity. The research has employed a purely quantitative methodology for collecting data. As mentioned, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ) has been used to evaluate the impact of symptoms experienced as a result of UI on the lives of older women. Although the questionnaire is very simple and provides extensive information regarding the variables under study, however, the fact that it is a quantitative from of research limits the responses to a fixed set of preset answers. As a result, the participant’s are not able to provide any other relevant information apart from the items present in the questionnaire. Qualitative methodology including semi-structured interviews could generate more relevant and specific responses from the participants. While I thought that other determinants of sexual activity should have been considered, a research reports age and the individual’s score from the ICIQ short form to be the best forecasters of UI (Timmermans, Falez, Melot, and Wespes, n.pag.). Therefore, the use of a quantitative method particularly the ICIQ-SF score was essential in predicting UI although its effectiveness in finding the relationship between sexual activity and UI is questionable. The authors have used various peer reviewed journal articles as sources. However, the data obtained from their research using the ICIQ short form has been the most important in coming down to the conclusion. While the authors have backed up their claims using references from journal articles, the role of the data provided from the ICIQ questionnaire response has been critical. Throughout the research, a discussion using the data obtained from the questionnaire has been used and further clarified using support from journal articles. Various tables present in the research demonstrate that statistical testing

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Marketing Essay

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Marketing Essay The 15 Cs framework was firstly developed by Fyall et al. In 2006 (Destination management: challenges and opportunities-2010 (press release)) to provide a suitable combination of key challenges facing the competitor of that destination marketing and management. But levels will be most important on different destinations. If there is a failure in one of challenges of destination marketing then it will affect the whole plan. The 15 Cs can be identified as: Complexity, Control, Culture, Competition, Commodification, Creativity, Communication, Channels, Cyberspace, Consolidation, Collaboration, Change, Crisis, Customers and Complacency. First we will go on with the complexity factor, were the destination product is not in the argument state and what remains is a discussion about that destination future, it will be more complex due to countless stakeholders from both internal and external or tourist. The complexity of the tourist destination should be taken in consideration with the consumer and community of that place for marketing of it. So, every individual consumers of that destination will have a point of view concerning that the tourist place is cleanly enclose bundle of suppliers as form the case of suppliers expectancy (Buhalis 2000). Control is very closely related to complexity the destination marketers have an inability to control the elements of destination product and also its destiny in market place (Scott, parfitt, and Laws-2000, p.202) the strategic approach should be strong to control the difficulties in coordination in marketing a destination as there are many ways of approaching as campaigns which can be conducted with the help of various tourists business with no public review on the available information. The developments are made to make tourism better in that destination. The power, resources, experience, mutual trust, and respect stand as a significant challenge for those destinations for tourism marketing in future (Ritchie Ritchie, 2002) The cultural factor is most important for both supply and demand in destination marketing. Due to change their will be cultural diversification between private and public sector on tourism destinations. As in change the two cultures will be working together for foreseeable future, the demand side is depends on means of destination what is required for development of tourism. The change can be found everywhere but it is the only one of its kind to the marketing and management of destinations and positively responding to change is increasing day by day. Changes can be in anything prices, commodities, transport, etc. The crises and fear of it is present everywhere across tourism industry on different destinations and as per their location they are impacted in positive or negative or direct or indirect manner it can be natural or manmade. An example we can take is terrorism happening all over world or tsunami. Complacency has changed because customers have other choices of destinations with same features. It increases the competition among organisations in tourism industry. Going on with the competition factor the competition among organisations is increasing and the destinations everywhere are in intense pressure to make their profit and growth from tourism in these difficult years. there is an increase in destination product and in tourist destination. As in European scenario there is a decrease in prices of airlines and other transport but it is beneficial for tourist who goes on that destination. The competition is at its intense level where the natural or manmade disaster occurred and then the population of tourist to that destination is decreased, because of this tourist started to choose secured destinations and for some time the competition in different regions is increased due to same supply of features and facilities. In commodification factor a competition become more intense the market gets crowded and then they become more challengeable and competitive to manage and do marketing of that destination organisation. Due to increase in tourists many destination shares similar facilities and selling point. In response, destination are needed to do hard work to avoid the ease with which they can substituted. One of the primary means from which substitution can be challenged is creativity approach the energetic and different ideas can be used for destination branding. But branding and marketing a destination is not an easy task. All destinations are of different shapes and sizes those are influenced by a distance of political environment so, it makes down the decision making for marketers of that destinations and it makes low creativity in market place. (Caldwell Freire konecnik (2004), Morgan et al. (2002, 2003) and white (2004)). If the brand is properly identified and marketed with good creativity it will be on good position in competitive market. An advertisement in many regions of world is done through news paper but in some many different regions or parts of world the communication is important and is required on highly basis for highly educated and increasingly sophisticated clientele. The use of Web, blogs, online social networking like facebook and twitter is increased but the high percentage on marketing budget is spent on print based media like brochures and leaflets (Dore and Crouch 2003; Foley and Fahy 2004). The channel and cyberspace are closely related with each other as they are most important factor for tourism marketing and for distributing of the ideas or creativity of marketers of that destination. In consolidation factor we can take an example of Thomas cook there is a significant increase in recent years across the globe. This is strongly affected to tourism industry by the means of travel in form of airlines, hospitality in largely international and local groups, money exchange, etc. One means of marketing where corporate or marketers come face to face for collaboration within or among destinations. Customers can be from same region or from all over the globe with different religions and language like British, Indian, French, Chinese, etc. and they can be also of different age groups. (Progress in tourism marketing by M Kozak and L Andreu 2006) http://books.google.com/books?id=Uij4AdXkBqACpg=PA83dq=framework+for+15cs+in+tourismhl=enei=ADwXTZicJsOChQeNsKG4Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=true Case study:- The case study involves the beautiful tourist destination Dubai it is a modern city at southern shore and other sides covered by desert it is also known as a one of seven states which comprise United Arab Emirates. In 1830 it was a fishing and pearling port and it was taken over by the maktoum branch of the bani yas tribe who still rules dubai, due to port it makes attractive to traders and developed a center for regional commerce and it also become a part of trucial states with Britain. In 1972 it quitted and joined to united Arab emirate. In 1990 the Dubai population was 80,000 and by 1992 it increases by 529,000 here many of them are attracted for Dubai safe and financially flourishing environment. Dubai is well known for its oil resource but it is finite and it is a main resource that gives an income to the country which will help to develop tourism industry. Dubai gives many facilities and has many attractions to attract tourist. Dubai is famous for its Arabic life, safe environ ment, good international hotels, night life, grass golf course in dessert, warm seas, etc. it is also famous for its shopping festivals and great malls to do tax free shopping. Some of the newest attractions that Dubai had made one of the finest 5 star luxurious hotels and the world first seven star Hotel Burj-al-Arab then palms Jumeirah Island, etc. as dubai become one of the fastest growing tourist destination. (Tourist destination management-issues, analysis and policies by eric laws-1995) Sharpley, R 2008, Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai, Tourism and Hospitality: Planning Development, 5, 1, pp. 13-30, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=12sid=fdaadb41-b7ea-4df7-b79a-ea642ddb773e%40sessionmgr10vid=8 Dubai culture is strongly rooted in Islamic traditions of Arabia. Islam is bigger than just a religion because it is a way of life which goes on in everyday events that what to wear and what to eat and drink. So, the culture is closely related with its religion. Islamic fundamentalism is on the leading place in media and it makes other peoples of world to adopt it, then also Dubai welcomes foreigners and they can be free with their own religion. The alcohol is served in hotels and dress codes are normal as per the peoples tradition. Dubai culture gives warmth and friendliness welcome to its tourist. Due to negative view of Islam it affect many Muslims living abroad but in Dubai all religion people leave together and work together like Muslims, Hindus, Christians, etc. and there are also different languages like English, Urdu, and Hindi approx this Arabic is main language but it is spoken as on official business purposes and English can be heard everywhere. Due to the rapid developmen t in recent years the life is changed because of increased different cultures and material goods so the Dubai rulers are keen to promote their tradition and cultural activities and also sporting events. (The lonely planet guide-Dubai by Terry Carter Lara Dunston- 2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QscSeQp8hxMCpg=PA11dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1sqi=2ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepageq=dubai%20culturef=false (Dubai: the complete residents guide by Explorer publishing Distribution- 2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II2bdl4gcIMCpg=PA25dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=8sqi=2ved=0CEwQ6wEwBw#v=onepageq=dubai%20culturef=false As Dubai is oil based state in UAE 1950 it was just like a village on seashore but by 1994 it gets developed to a city, it is developed by its own resources like oil. The hotel named Burj al Arab becomes a dream logo of Dubai even if guest does not stay in that hotel for a night the hotel can pay for itself. But Dubai has diversified its economy to tourism because of the reduction in economic dependence due to diminishing in amount of oil. Sharpley, R 2008, Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai, Tourism Hospitality: Planning Development, 5, 1, pp. 13-30, Hospitality Tourism Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=3bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=hjhAN=31373124 (Tourism destination management-issues, analysis and policies by Eric Laws-1995) For development there will be consolidation between real estate firms and banks. In recent time Dubai Aluminium Company limited has been sponsoring ladies masters golf tournament from past three years at emirates golf club. Another consolidation is done to develop property market in Dubai the two organizations as Emaar properties PJSC and Dubai holding commercial operation group (DHCOG) are merged with each other. This is for residential property and land, some of the major property works will be for Dubai Metro (public transportation) and Burj Dubai (The world tallest skyscraper). Dubai 2008, Dubai banks, property firms seen consolidating, TradeArabia (Manama, Bahrain), 24 December, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=7bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=127B89592871B2E0 Excellent forum for consolidating partnerships, 2009, Gulf News (Dubai, United Arab Emirates), 11 December, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=10bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=12C87F17162A0E98 Sinnock, B 2009, Consolidation to Shape Dubai Residential Markets Future, National Mortgage News, 33, 43, p. 11, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=43690269 UAE tourism authorities are working out for the development of the tourism with the help of collaborations with other countries like Singapore. Clarence Michael In, D 2006, Spore explores tourism cooperation with UAE; Officials looking at developing joint marketing, Business Times, The (Singapore), 27 February, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=36bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=11008F1046F645B8 the world first hotel developed by Armani hotels and resorts is under the collaboration with Dubai developer Emaar properties and as opened it in the tallest building the burj khalifa. Dubai 2010, Armani hotel opens in Burj Khalifa, TradeArabia (Manama, Bahrain), 27 April, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=38bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=12F7F251D2802520 Dubai tourism and commerce marketing company (DTCM) has collaborated with five major companies like Virgin Holidays Ltd., Gold Medal, Lastminute.com, Hayes and Jarvis, and Emirates Tours for attracting families and childrens. They also go for creativity to attract childrens by Dubai aquarium and underwater zoo, SEGA republic, free entry to Aquaventure, Lost chambers and Dolphin Bay. Dubai is affordable for families 2009, Travel Weekly (UK), p. 8, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=23bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=43583422 Dubai in a different way is focusing on the creativity by commodifying land and water into artificial islands creating an attraction to the tourist, gulf emirate of Dubai is planning to construct Third Island in a shape of palm. Dubai to build third Palm Island, 2004, Agence France-Presse, 5 October, NewsBank Archives, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=48bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbaAN=1058F077C4FE6DB0 In the growing competitive world Gulf States are also competing for the growing international tourism and travel market their major competitors are South East Asia and Singapore and Europe also plays a major role in the competition. (World geography of travel and tourism: a regional approach by Alen Lew, C. Michael Hall, Dallen J, Timothy-2008) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBa_LZhCPYoCpg=PA163dq=dubai+competitors+in+tourismhl=enei=Y00hTdihD4GKhQfDxq23Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false Dubai has started to work a lot for the promotion of tourism now it gets teamed up with Microsoft digital solution to create its own site and also online ads on MSN Dubai Tourism runs digital ads on MSN to break stereotypes 2007, New Media Age, pp. 7-07, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=25bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=25325976 In the fast moving world Dubai as also get into cyberspace by creating its own official tourism site as www.dubaitourism.ae with SCOTT, P 2007, Site seeing, Sunday Mail (Adelaide, Australia), 8 July, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=30bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=11A441E9F2113320

Origins of Petroleum Drilling :: physics drill oil drilling

The first step that creates sedimentary rocks is when tectonic forces push rock formations upward to produce mountains. Since this rock formation is know exposed to the surface conditions, it becomes eroded and weathered. These effects cause the rock to wear down. Due to deposition, sorting of various fragments occurs. Think of a stream that flows down a mountain. Within this stream there are many different materials that travel due to the velocity of the stream. Depending on how much distance is traveled by the river in a specific time defines its velocity. V=(change in distance)/(change in time) If the velocity is fast enough, it is able to budge big rocks as well as small rocks down the terrain. Eventually the slope becomes less and less steep, which causes the velocity of the stream to decrease. Since the velocity of the stream becomes slower as it arrives to a flat surface, it is not able to sustain a fast enough of a speed to make the heavier materials to continue with the journey. Usually at the bottom of this river, it will empty into a big body of water like the ocean. The different fragments are all submerged, yet divide into different groups. The reason for this is that there is still a river velocity that causes movement in the various fragments farther down the ocean floor. This might look years later once the river has dried out. Notice the big rocks are protruding from the water. This is either from corrosion to the rock formation next to the ocean or it is due to the rocks that came from a high velocity mountain stream. After all of these fragments arrange in their groups, lithification occurs. Lithification is the â€Å"conversion of unconsolidated sediments into sedimentary rock by compaction and cementation†(1). This compaction and cementation yields these sedimentary rocks: -Gravel turns into conglomerate -Sand turns into sandstone -Clay turns into shale -Shells turn into limestone [e]